Introduction to Big Data and Hadoop

Apache Hadoop is a program that was completely bored out of necessity. It is a 100% open source breakthrough that makes it easy to process and share data like never before. Hadoop was originally inspired by papers that Google published many years ago suggesting a different standard for processing terabytes of data, storing it and even having the possibility of potentially storing and indexing petabytes.

Hadoop is this big data solution. Rather than a traditional cloud drive or hard drive there is now a much cheaper way to store and process data for all of your business systems making this the perfect solution that you can use for keeping large audio files, communications records, log files and more.
If you have ever felt restrained with your backup data due to hard drive or server sizes, the size of your cloud drive or even the limitations of the size of the data that you can keep in your cloud drive, all of these limitations can be lifted with Hadoop. Even if you have files that are several terabyte you can instantly find a place to store an index even the largest of files. This will become extremely useful when we start to get into large-scale files for 4k production, videogame design, manufacturing design, high definition audio and more.

With Hadoop you also get access to huge clusters of data that you can access later over time and indexed very quickly. Even though you might have huge selections of datasets you can have your answers quickly through advanced filing and indexing services.

For the future of business and the future of big data we need to use applications like Hadoop. Enterprises need to revaluate the way that they manage data for their cost-effectiveness and scalability. As a business requires more data and better management and analytics Hadoop will help them to manage this increasing enterprise demand.

There is a huge requirement of Hadoop professional in the market and If you need to make career in Hadoop, you should strongly consider Technology Partner to enhance your Skills on Hadoop.

Online Test on Hadoop & Big Data -

1.Online Test Big Data Scientist
2.Online Test Hadoop Administrator
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Source code- http://blogs.technologypartner.in/2015/03/17/introduction-to-big-data-and-hadoop/

200-120 CCNA Exam Syllabus Topics

Exam Description CCNA Exam: 

The 200-120 CCNA exam is the composite exam associated with the CCNA Routing and Switching certification. Candidates can prepare for this exam by taking the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v2.0 and the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v2.0 courses. This exam tests a candidate's knowledge and skills required to install, operate, and troubleshoot a small to medium-size enterprise branch network. The topics include all the areas covered under the 100-101 ICND1 and 200-101 ICND2 exams.

 Exam Topics 

The following topics are general guidelines for the content likely to be included on the CCNA Composite exam. However, other related topics may also appear on any specific delivery of the exam. The guidelines below may change at any time without notice in order to better reflect the contents of the exam and for clarity purposes.


Operation of IP Data Networks

 • Recognize the purpose and functions of various network devices such as Routers, Switches, Bridges and Hubs.
 • Select the components required to meet a given network specification.
• Identify common applications and their impact on the network
• Describe the purpose and basic operation of the protocols in the OSI and TCP/IP models.
 • Predict the data flow between two hosts across a network.
 • Identify the appropriate media, cables, ports, and connectors to connect Cisco network devices to other network devices and hosts in a LAN

LAN Switching Technologies

• Determine the technology and media access control method for Ethernet networks Identify basic switching concepts and the operation of Cisco switches.
 • Collision Domains • Broadcast Domains • Types of switching
• CAM Table Configure and verify initial switch configuration including remote access management. • Cisco IOS commands to perform basic switch setup
 • Verify network status and switch operation using basic utilities such as ping, telnet and ssh. Describe how VLANs create logically separate networks and the need for routing between them.
 • Explain network segmentation and basic traffic management concepts
 • Configure and verify VLANs
• Configure and verify trunking on Cisco switches
• DTP
 • Auto negotiation

IP addressing (IPv4 / IPv6)

• Describe the operation and necessity of using private and public IP addresses for IPv4 addressing
• Identify the appropriate IPv6 addressing scheme to satisfy addressing requirements in a LAN/WAN environment.
• Identify the appropriate IPv4 addressing scheme using VLSM and summarization to satisfy addressing requirements in a LAN/WAN environment.
• Describe the technological requirements for running IPv6 in conjunction with IPv4 such as dual stack Describe IPv6 addresses
• Global unicast
• Multicast
 • Link local
• Unique local
• eui 64
 • autoconfiguration

IP Routing Technologies

Describe basic routing concepts
• CEF
• Packet forwarding
• Router lookup process Configure and verify utilizing the CLI to set basic Router configuration
• Cisco IOS commands to perform basic router setup
• Configure and verify operation status of an ethernet interface Verify router configuration and network connectivity
• Cisco IOS commands to review basic router information and network connectivity
• Configure and verify routing configuration for a static or default route given specific routing requirements Differentiate methods of routing and routing protocols
• Static vs. Dynamic
• Link state vs. Distance Vector
 • next hop
 • ip routing table 
 • Passive interfaces Configure and verify OSPF (single area)
• Benefit of single area
• Configure OSPF v2
 • Configure OSPF v3
• Router ID
• Passive interface Configure and verify interVLAN routing (Router on a stick)
• sub interfaces
• upstream routing
• encapsulation
• Configure SVI interfaces

IP Services Configure and verify DHCP (IOS Router)
• configuring router interfaces to use DHCP
 • DHCP options
• excluded addresses
• lease time
• Describe the types, features, and applications of ACLs
• Standard
• Sequence numbers
• Editing
• Extended
• Named
 • Numbered
• Log option
• Configure and verify ACLs in a network environment
• Named • Numbered
• Log option
• Identify the basic operation of NAT
• Purpose
• Pool
• Static
• 1 to 1
• Overloading
• Source addressing
• One way NAT
• Configure and verify NAT for given network requirements
• Configure and verify NTP as a client 

Network Device Security
  • Configure and verify network device security features such as:
 • Device password security
 • Enable secret vs enable
• Transport
• Disable telnet
• SSH
• VTYs
• Physical security
• Service password
• Describe external authentication methods
• Configure and verify Switch Port Security features such as
• Sticky MAC
• MAC address limitation
• Static / dynamic
• Violation modes
• Err disable
• Shutdown
• Protect restrict
• Shutdown unused ports
• Err disable recovery
• Assign unused ports to an unused VLAN
 • Setting native VLAN to other than VLAN 1
• Configure and verify ACLs to filter network traffic
 • Configure and verify an ACLs to limit telnet and SSH access to the router

Troubleshooting
• Troubleshoot and correct common problems associated with IP addressing and host configurations. • Troubleshoot and Resolve VLAN problems
• identify that VLANs are configured
• port membership correct
• IP address configured
• Troubleshoot and Resolve trunking problems on Cisco switches
• correct trunk states
• correct encapsulation configured
• correct vlans allowed
• Troubleshoot and Resolve ACL issues
• Statistics
• Permitted networks
• Direction
• Interface
• Troubleshoot and Resolve Layer 1 problems
• Framing
• CRC
• Runts
• Giants
• Dropped packets
 • Late collision
• Input / Output errors

LAN Switching Technologies 

• Identify enhanced switching technologies
• RSTP
 • PVSTP
• Etherchannels
 • Configure and verify PVSTP operation
• describe root bridge election
• spanning tree mode

IP Routing Technologies
• Describe the boot process of Cisco IOS routers
• POST
• Router bootup process
• Configure and verify operation status of a Serial interface
• Manage Cisco IOS Files
• Boot preferences
• Cisco IOS image(s)
• Licensing
• Show license
• Change license
• Differentiate methods of routing and routing protocols
• Administrative distance
• split horizon
• metric
• next hop
 • Configure and verify OSPF (single area)
• neighbor adjacencies
 • OSPF states
• Discuss Multi area
 • Configure OSPF v2
• Configure OSPF v3
• Router ID
• LSA types
• Configure and verify EIGRP (single AS)
• Feasible Distance / Feasible Successors /Administrative distance
• Feasibility condition
• Metric composition
• Router ID
• Auto summary
• Path selection
• Load balancing
• Equal
• Unequal
• Passive interface

IP Services 
 • Recognize High availability (FHRP)
 • VRRP
• HSRP
 • GLBP
• Configure and verify Syslog
 • Utilize Syslog Output
• Describe SNMP v2 & v3

Troubleshooting
• Identify and correct common network problems
• Utilize netflow data
 • Troubleshoot and Resolve Spanning Tree operation issues
 • root switch
 • priority
• mode is correct
 • port states
• Troubleshoot and Resolve routing issues
 • routing is enabled
 • routing table is correct
 • correct path selection
 • Troubleshoot and Resolve OSPF problems
• Neighbor Adjacencies
 • Hello and Dead timers
• OSPF area
• Interface MTU
• Network types
• Neighbor states
• OSPF topology database
• Troubleshoot and Resolve EIGRP problems
• neighbor adjancies
• AS number
• Load balancing
• Split horizon Troubleshoot and Resolve interVLAN routing problems
• Connectivity
• Encapsulation
 • Subnet
• Native VLAN
• Port mode trunk status Troubleshoot and Resolve WAN implementation issues
• Serial interfaces
• PPP
• Frame relay
• Monitor NetFlow statistics
 • Troubleshoot etherchannel problems

WAN Technologies
 Identify different WAN Technologies
• Metro Ethernet
• VSAT
• Cellular 3G / 4G
• MPLS • T1 / E1
• ISDN
• DSL
• Frame relay
• Cable
• VPN
• Configure and verify a basic WAN serial connection
• Configure and verify a PPP connection between Cisco routers
• Configure and verify Frame Relay on Cisco routers
• Implement and troubleshoot PPPoE

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How To Face a Group Discussion?

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“The aim of group discussion or argument should not be victory, but progress.”-Joseph Joubert

“Group discussion is very valuable; group drafting is less productive.”-Jon Postel

I. What is Group Discussion (GD)?

Group Discussion (GD)

 Group discussion (GD) is a methodology to assess a candidate’s personality traits and skills. The members of the group are assigned with a topic or a situation and given a few minutes to think about the topic and then asked to discuss it among themselves for 15 to 20 minutes. The purpose of the group discussion is to assess the candidates’ skills related to membership, leadership qualities, listening and articulation skills in the given short time which cannot be evaluated in an interview.

Effective group discussion may be useful to:
• To be a good team member
• Assess communication skills
• Reasoning ability
• Leadership skills
• Imitativeness
• Assertiveness
• Flexibility
• Creativity
• Ability to think on one’s feet

II. What are the basic things that a group discussion participant should take care of?

Group Discussion Participant

Communication skills:

The first aspect of the group discussion is communication skills. A candidate has to speak thoroughly to convince other members of the group. Grabbing the attention of the audience creates a positive impact.
The judges evaluate on the basis of listening. It is necessary that it should be precise and clear. Evaluators look on the candidate’s knowledge in the subject, precision and clarity of the thoughts. Never focus on irrelevant talks in the discussion and speak forcefully to create impact on the subject.
Listening is also important and based on that the judges evaluate. It is also necessary that you should be able to convey your thoughts convincingly to others. If you are not good at speaking, join a crash course of public speaking which may be offered by many institutes. This course is designed to improve communication skills, conversation skills, business writing, negotiation skills and presentation skills. In depth knowledge on the topic being discussed makes one confident and enthusiastic.

Addressing the group as a whole:
In a group discussion it is not necessary to address the members by their name. It is advisable to address the group as a whole. Use very formal language but not as used in normal conversations. Never use words or phrases like “Yar”, “Chalta Hai”,”CP”,”I Donno”etc. There is no need to speak in highly textured English. Use formal, plain and simple English. Don’t mix-up Hindi and English in group discussion.

III. What are the various types of topics offered at Group Discussion?

Group Discussion

Types of the topics given in a group discussion:

1. Factual topics

Factual topics are the contemporary issues related to an ordinary man. They may include social economic issues or current issues related to day to day life. A factual topic discussion gives a chance to prove the awareness of the candidate on the particular issue.
Ex: Child labour, Literacy rate in India and Tourism in India

2. Controversial topics

These are the topics which lead to controversial arguments. These topics are given with a motto to check the maturity levels, personal and emotional controlling power of the candidate.
Ex: Reservations and Political issues

3. Abstract topics

Abstract topics are related to intangible things. These topics are not given frequently for discussion. But these topics are given to address your creativity and lateral thinking.
Ex: Number 10, Twinkle little start and A is an alphabet.

IV. What are the criteria for judging a candidate’s performance in the Group Discussion?

Candidate’s Performance

A candidate’s performance in a Group Discussion is rated on the basis of below aspects:

• A candidate who expresses his ideas well
• Who shows interest and command over the subject while discussing
• Who has a thorough knowledge on the subject and convinces the group by his argumentative presentation
• One who has a logical and systematic approach

V. What are the advantages of a Group Discussion?

• GD helps you understand a subject better
• GD improves your thinking abilities in a critical way
• GD provides solutions for a particular problem
• GD helps the group make a particular decision
• You can also share your thoughts with other students
• You can also improve your listening skills
• You can increase your confidence while speaking in public
• You can change your attitude

VI. what are the common Group Discussion topics?

 

Some frequently given GD topics during the interviews:

1.      How to Deal with High Oil Prices?
2. Are Indians Less Quality Conscious?
3. Is the Consumer really the King in India?
4. Commercialization of Health Care: Good or Bad?
5. Is there any Point in having a Business Strategy when the World changes from Month to Month?
6. Is the Patents Bill Good for India?
7. Capitalism is a very Flawed System but the others are so much worse
8. How can a Business get rid of the Bad Name that it has earned?
9. Government Pumping Money into the Economy is not the Solution for our Economic Problems
10. Is the Budgeting Exercise of any Use?
11. Should Agricultural Subsidies be stopped?
12. Are MNC’s Superior to Indian Companies?
13. Advertising is a Waste of Resources
14. Privatization will lead to Less Corruption
15. Use of Force by Banks to Recover Loans
16. Skilled Manpower Shortage in India
17. Technology Creates Income Disparities
18. In our economic matters, there is an excessive tendency towards the thinking rather than doing
19. Is disinvestment really that good for India or is a rethink in order?
20. Are co-operatives relevant in today’s globalised environment?
21. Indian villages – our strength or our weakness?
22. Space Missions are a Wastage of Resources for a Resource-Starved Nation like India
23. Satyam Scandal would Impact Foreign Investments in India
24. Private Participation in Infrastructure is Highly Desirable
25. Developing Countries need Trade, not Aid
26. Poverty in Third World Countries is due to Prosperity in First World Countries
27. Indian Economy: Old Wine in New Bottle!
28. Is Globalization Really Necessary?
29. What shall we do about our Ever-Increasing Population?
30. Banning of Trade Unions will be Beneficial in Growth of the Economy
31. Why can’t India be a World-Class Player in Manufacturing Industry as it is in IT & BPO Sectors?
32. We Need Drinking Water and Not Coke & Pepsi in Rural India
33. Rise of Regional Blocs Threatens Independent Nations like India
34. Should the public sector be privatized

VII. What are the tips for an effective Group Discussion?

Effective Group Discussion

Below tips can be useful for freshers while attending a GD:
1. Attend the group discussion with a formal dress and make sure that your language is formal too. Don’t use normal phrases like “yar”,”chalta hai”,”CP”,”I dunno” etc.
2. Don’t mix-up Hindi and English while speaking. Use formal, plain and simple language.
3. Use your power of expression as a weapon to attract the target audience.
4. Utilize the time given to you and memorize your thoughts on the particular subject to convince group members.
5. Be precise and clear while talking.
6. Try to hold the attention of the audience.
7. Body language and eye contact are also considered to be important.
8. It is not necessary to address with a person’s name…target the group.
9. Listen carefully when others speak. Don’t interrupt them.
10. Convey your thoughts convincingly before a group of people.
11. Explore your skills; gain knowledge on varied topics, enterprise, forcefulness and other leadership qualities to make a difference among the equally competent candidates
12. Starting and concluding the discussion score additional marks.

VIII. What are the Do’s and Don’ts of a Group Discussion?

Dos of participating in a GD:
• Listen to the subject carefully
• Put down your thoughts on a paper
• Initiate the discussion if you know the subject well
• Listening is important when you don’t know the subject
• Always support your point with some facts and examples
• Make a short contribution of 25-30 seconds 3-4 times
• Give others a chance to speak
• Respect others and speak pleasantly
• Disagree politely and agree with what is right
• Summarize the discussion if the group has not reached a conclusion

Don’ts of participating in a GD:
• Don’t initiate the discussion if you do not have sufficient knowledge about the given topic
• Don’t over speak, intervene and snatch others chance to speak
• Don’t argue and shout during the GD
• Never speak by targeting a particular member or evaluator
• Don’t discuss on irrelevant things and distract the discussion
• Never pose a negative body gestures like touching the nose, leaning back on the chair, knocking the table with a pen etc
• Never display low self confidence with shaky voice and trembling hands
• Don’t dominate the discussion
• Never create an embarrassing situation by asking others to speak if they don’t want to.

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